Chapter 17
Religion and Morality: The Indispensable Supports

1. George Washington, Address of George Washington, President of the United States. Preparatory to his Declination (Baltimore: George and Henry S. Keatinge, 1796), pp.22-23.

2.John Adams, The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States, Charles Frances Adams, editor (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1854), Vol. IX, p.229, to the Officers of the First Brigade of the Third Division of the Militia of Massachusetts on October 11,1798.

3. John Adams, Works, Vol. IX p. 401, to Zabdiel Adams on June 21, 1776.

4. John Adams, Works, Vol. IX p.636, to Benjamin Rush on August 28, 1811.

5. John Quincy Adams, Letters of John Quincy Adams to His Son on the Bible and its Teachings (Auburn: James M. Alden, 1850), pp.22-23.

6. Samuel Adams, The Writings of Samuel Adams, Harry Alonzo Cushing, editor (New York: C. P. Putnam's Sons, 1905), Vol. IV, p. 74, to John Trumbull on October 16, 1778.

7. William V. Wells, The Life and Public Service of Samuel Adams (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1865), Vol.1, p.22, quoting from a political essay by Samuel Adams published in The Public Advertiser, 1748.

8. Samuel Adams, Writings, Vol. IV, p. 124, to James Warren on February 12, 1779.

9. Independent Chronicle (Boston), February 22,1787, Fisher Ames writing as Camillus.

See also Fisher Ames, The Works of Fisher Ames, Seth Ames, editor (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1983), Vol.1, p.67. to

10. Charles C. Jones, Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1891), pp.6-7.

11. Bernard C. Steiner, The Lfie and Correspondence ofjames McHenry (Cleveland: p. The Burrows Brothers Company, 1907), p. 475, Charles Carroll to James McHenry on November 4, 1800. Cr

12. Connecticut Courant, June 7, 1802, p.3.

13. Benjamin Franklin, The Works ofBenjamin Franklin, Jared Sparks, editor (Boston: Tappan, Whittemore and Mason, 1840), Vol. X, p. 297, to Messrs. The Abbes Chalut deljand Arnaud on April 17,1787.

14. Nathanael Greene, The Papers of General Nathanael Gm'ene, Richard K. Showman, editor (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1976), Vol.1, p. l82, to torCatherine Ward Greene on January 13, 1776. eral

15. The Independent Chronicle (Boston: Nathaniel Willis) on November 2,1780, Vol. XlllI, p.4, from John Hancock's Inaugural Address as Governor of Massachusetts. See also Abram Febi English Brown,fohn Hancock, His Book (Boston: Lee and Shepard Publishers, 1898), p.269.

16. Patrick Henry, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence and Speeches, William Wirtton: Henry, editor (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1891), Vol.1, p. 82, from a handwritten endorsement on the back of the paper containing the resolutions of the Virginia Assembly in 1765 concerning the Stamp Act.

17. Henry, Correspondence, Vol.II, p. 592, to Archibald Blair on January 8, 1799.

18. Henry, Correspondence, Vol. II, p.185, from George Mason to Patrick Henry, May 6, 1783.

19. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Albert Ellery Bergh, editor (Washington, D. C.:The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), Vol. XII, p. 315, to James Fishback, September 27, 1809.

20. Richard Henry Lee, The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, James Curtis Ballagh, editor (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1914), Vol.II, p. 411, to Colonel Martin Pickett on March 5, 1786.

21. Bernard C. Steiner, One Hundred and Ten Years of Bible Society Work in Maryland, 1810-1920 (Baltimore: The Maryland Bible Society, 1921), p.14.

22. Gouverneur Morris, A Diary of the French Revolution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1939), Vol.11, p.172, April 29, 1791.

23. Morris, Diary, Vol.11, p.452, to Lord George Gordon, June 28,1792.

24.Jared Sparks, The Life of Governeur Morris (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1832), Vol. III, p. 483, from his "Notes on the Form of a Constitution for France."

25. United States Oracle (Portsmouth, NH), May 24, 1800; see also The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789-1800, Maeva Marcus, editor (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), Vol. III, p. 436.

26. David Ramsay, An Oration, Delivered in St. Michael's Church Before the Inhabitants of Charleston, South-Carolina, on the Fourth of July, 1794, in Commemoration of American Independence (Charleston: W. P. Young, 1794), p. 19.

27. Benjamin Rush, Essays, Literary, Moral and Philosophical (Philadelphia: Thomas 1779. and Samuel Bradford, 1798), p.8, "On the Mode of Education Proper in a Republic."

28. Benjamin Rush, Lellers of Benjamin Rush, L. H. Butterfield, editor (Princeton: The American Philosophical Society, 1951), Vol.1, p.505, "To American Farmers About to Settle in New Parts of the United States," March 1789.

29. A Selection of Orations and Eulogies... In Commemoration of the Life of Gen. George Washington, Charles Humphrey Atherton, editor (Amherst: Samuel Preston, 1800), p. 81, from an oration by Jeremiah Smith, February 22, 1800.

30. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution ofthe United States (Boston: Hillard, Gray, and Company, 1833), Vol.III, pp.722-723, § 1865.

31. Story, Commentaries, Vol.III, p.727, § 1869.

32. John Sanderson, Biography ofthe Signers to the Declaration oflndependence (PhilaChalut delphia: R. W. Pomeroy, 1824), Vol. IX, p. 333, Thomas Stone to his son, October 1787.

33. Washington, 4ddress... Preparatory to his Declination, pp. 22-23.

34. George Washington, The Writings of George Washington, John C. Fitzpatrick, editor (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1936), Vol. XIII, p. 118, from General Orders, October 21, 1778.

35. Washington, Writings (1939), Vol. XXIX, p. 410, to Marquis de Lafayette on February 7, 1788.

36. George Washington, The Writings of George Washington, Jared Sparks, editor (Boston: Ferdinand Andrews, 1838), Vol. XII, p. 167, to the Synod of the Reformed Dutch Church in North America, October, 1789.

37. Washington, Writings (1940), Vol. XXXV, p. 416, to the Clergy of Different Denominations Residing in and Near the City of Philadelphia, on March 3, 1797.

38. Daniel Webster, The Works ofDaniel Webster (Boston: Little, Brown, &Co., 1853), Vol.11, p.615, from an address delivered at the Laying of the Cornerstone of the Addition to the Capitol on July 4, 1851.

39. Daniel Webster, Works, Vol.1, p.44, from a Discourse Delivered at Plymouth on December 22, 1820.

40. Noah Webster, History ofthe United States (New Haven: Durrie &Peck, 1832), p.6.

41. Noah Webster, History, p. 339, ¶ 53.

42.James Wilson, The Works of the Honourable James Wilson, Bird Wilson, editor (Philadelphia: Bronson and Chauncey, 1804), Vol.1, pp.104-106, "Of the General Principles of Law and Obligation."

43. John Witherspoon, The Works ofjohn Witherspoon (Edinburgh: J. Ogle, 1815), Vol. IX, p. 231, from "The Druid," Number I.

44. John Witherspoon, The Works of the Rev. John Witherspoon (Philadelphia: William W. Woodard, 1802), Vol.III, pp.41-42, 46, "The Dominion of Providence Over the Passions of Men," May 17, 1776.

45. Journal of the American Congress: From 1774 to 1788 (Washington: Way and Gideon, 1823), Vol.III, p.85, October 12, 1788.

46. Runkel v. Winemiller; 4 H &McH. 276,288 (Sup. Ct. MD 1799)

47. People v. Ruggles; 8 Johns 545, 546 (Sup. Ct. NY 1811).

48. Updegraph v. Commonwealth; 11 Serg. & R. 393,406 (Sup. Ct. Penn. 1824).

49. Vidal v. Girard's Executors; 43 U.S. 126,200 (1844).

50. City Council of Charleston v. S.A. Benjamin; 2 Strob. 508,520 (Sup. Ct. SC 1846).

51. Reports of Committees of the House ofRepresentatives Made During the First Session of the Thirty-Third Congress (Washington: A. 0. P. Nicholson, 1854), H. Rep. 124, p.8, March 27, 1854.

52. Church of the Holy Trinity v. U 5.; 143 U.S. 457, 469 (1892).

53. Ruggles at 546.

54. Commonwealth v.jesse Sh~less and Others;2 Serg. &R. 91,103 (Sup. Ct. Penn. 1815), Yeates, J., (concurring).

55. Updegraph at 398-399,405 (Sup. Ct. Penn. 1824).

56. City of Charleston at 523.

57. Reports of Commitee of the House of Representatives, p.8.

58. B. E Morris, Christian Lfe and Character of the Civil Institutions of the United States (Philadelphia: George W. Childs, 1864), p.328.

59. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, From the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, editor (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), Vol.III, p. 509, to Benjamin Rush on April21, 1803,Jefferson's "Syllabus of an Estimate of the Merit of the Doctrines of Jesus, Compared with Those of Others." See also William Linn, The Lfe ofThomas Jefferson (Ithaca, New York: Mack &Andrus, 1834), p.265.

60. John Quincy Adams, Letters... to His Son, p. 62.

61. Zephaniab Swift, The Correspondent (Windham: Printed byJohn Byrne, 1793),p. 119.

62. Jones, pp. 6-7.

63. Witherspoon, Works (1815), Vol. VII, pp. 118-119, from his Lectures on Moral Philosophy, Lecture 14, on Jurisprudence.

64. James Otis, The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (Boston and London: J. Williams and J. Almon, 1766), p.4.

65. Robert Winthrop,Addresses andSpeeches on Various Occasions (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1852), p.172, from an Address Delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Bible Society in Boston, May28, 1849.

66. Daniel Webster, Works, Vol.1, pp. 41-42, from a speech at Plymouth on December 22, 1820.

67. Rush, Essays, p. 112, "Defense of the Use of the Bible as a School Book."

68. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, The Republic of the United States of America and Its Political Institutions, Reviewed and Examined, Henry Reeves, translator (New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1851), Vol.11, p.130.